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Pelvic pain refers to pain in the pelvic region where there are internal reproductive organs. Pelvic pain may affect both men and women. Pelvic pain may be a symptom of infection or may stem from pain in the pelvic bone or in non-reproductive internal organs like the bladder or colon. In women, pelvic pain may be an indication of a problem with one of the reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The pelvic region consists of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and vagina.

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterus during the childbearing years. Also called leiomyomas or myomas, uterine fibroids don’t increase the risk of uterine cancer and may not develop into cancer. Uterine fibroids range in size from seedlings, which may not be detectable by the human eye, to bulky masses that may distort and enlarge the uterus.

Endometriosis is a disorder that occurs when tissue similar to the tissue that forms the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterine cavity. The name of this condition derives from the word endometrium, which is the tissue that lines the uterus. Endometriosis is a gynaecological disorder that commonly affects women of childbearing age.

During a woman’s regular menstrual cycle, the tissue builds up and is shed when the woman does not become pregnant. Women who have endometriosis develops tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue outside the uterus, normally on other reproductive organs inside the pelvis or in the abdominal cavity. Every month, the misplaced tissue responds to the hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle by building up and breaking down just like the endometrium does. This results in small bleeding inside the pelvis, which leads to swelling, inflammation, and scarring of the surrounding normal tissue.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a condition where a woman experiences heavy or unusual bleeding from the uterus through the vagina. This may occur anytime during their monthly cycle, including a normal menstrual period. Abnormal uterine bleeding is commonly caused by hormonal imbalances, which affect ovulation, or the process whereby an egg is released from one of the ovaries. Hormonal imbalances may be caused by underlying conditions such as thyroid disease, anovulation and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). 

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age. Women who have PCOS produce higher-than-normal amounts of male hormones. This hormonal imbalance causes their bodies to skip menstrual periods, resulting in fewer chances to fall pregnant. Polycystic ovarian syndrome may also cause hair growth on the face and body and baldness. It may also contribute to long-term health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.

Sexually transmitted infections are infections or diseases that are passed on from an infected person to another during unprotected sex. Some sexually transmitted infections may be passed on through skin-to-skin contact. There are different types of sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, hepatitis b, syphilis and others.

 Menopause begins when the menstrual cycle finishes. It is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when their ovaries cease to function properly. The process of menopause occurs gradually. Menopause is not a health problem, and some women experience menopause as a time of liberation. However, hormonal changes and other factors associated with menopause may cause discomfort.

Menopause normally begins between the ages of 40 and 58 years, but some women may experience menopause earlier due to a medical condition or treatment such as the removal of the ovaries.